More False Budget Comparisons

Stan doesn't think his "Fiscal Fitness" column was choreographed to coincide with the Hubbard/Cogan op-ed in today's Wall Street Journal.  But a smart guy like Stan can always rely on a ready foil on the WSJ editorial page.

I object to many parts of the op-ed, but two in particular.  First, the expiration of tax cuts that were legislated to be temporary is now described as:

This would be the largest increase in personal income taxes since World War II.

How might such a change in taxes have been avoided?  Perhaps by not ramming through such budget-busting tax cuts in the first place.  Perhaps by not letting them persist for so long, running up deficits during business cycle peaks in the intervening years.  Until Hubbard and Cogan are willing to commit to a responsible budget policy, of which tax policy is one component, it is impossible to take an op-ed like this seriously.  (A responsible budget policy is balance in the federal budget over a complete business cycle or no trend in the debt/GDP ratio over time.  More on this below.)

Second, picking up on Stan's point about the problems in using historical comparisons, the following statement from the op-ed completely undermines any responsible action on entitlement reform:

By historical standards, federal revenues relative to GDP, at 18.8% last year, are high. In the past 25 years, this level was only exceeded during the five years from 1996 to 2000.

Note that the 18.8% includes the Social Security surplus.  So according to Hubbard and Cogan, that money is available to be spent on current government expenditures, rather than used to repurchase government debt, which would make the Social Security Trust Fund a legitimate savings vehicle. (Yes, this is the same Cogan who laments that Trust Fund accounting doesn't work because the government just spends the money.  I wonder whose op-eds they use to justify their reckless behavior.) 

Returning to Stan's point, we should have a higher tax/GDP ratio today because we should be using the Social Security surplus to prefund a portion of the retirement benefits of the Baby Boom generation.

Returning to my point about a responsible budget, not only should the budget be balanced over the business cycle, it must be the on-budget parts (i.e., excluding the Social Security surplus) that must be in balance.  Not only must there be no trend in the debt/GDP ratio, it must be the ratio of total debt (i.e., including the Social Security Trust Fund) to GDP.

Andrew, Stan, Pete, Cogan

Andrew, Stan, Pete, Cogan and Hubbard say tax increases would not mitigate our long-term fiscal imbalance (indeed, that it would exacerbate it) due to a combination of higher (i.e., incremental) spending and slower GDP growth. Do you gentlemen agree or disagree? Would tax increases (e.g., letting the Bush tax cuts expire and/or allowing the AMT to hit more taxpayers) likely lead to higher or lower debt-to-GDP over the long-term? If you disagree, is it because they overstate the degree to which incremental revenues would lead to incremental spending, overstate the degree to which GDP would be adversely affected, both, or something else? Thanks.

Andrew, If I may ask a

Andrew, If I may ask a tangential, but related question: In CBO's Long Term Budget Outlook reports, when they provide figures for alternative scenarios of spending and taxation policies, showing projections for spending and revenues under each scenario, do they assume the SAME GDP growth rates and levels for all scenarios? If so, aren't they making erroneous assumptions by ignoring the dynamic effects of such policies (impact on GDP, and in turn, % of GDP that a given level of spending or revenues represents)?

Response to Brooks

Brooks asks if CBO's long-term budget projections assume a fixed growth rate for GDP, not accounting for "dynamic effects." Yup. They assume the economy will continue to grow at historic rates, even if the current disastrous fiscal policies are continued indefinitely. In fact, long before debt gets to 4 or 5 times GDP, the US economy will grind to a halt as foreigners stop holding US debt and spiraling interest rates stifle business investment and consumer purchases of homes, cars, and other durables. As bleak as CBO's projections are, by ignoring the economic feedback effects, they present a wildly over-optimistic rosie scenario.

Thanks Len. If you happen to

Thanks Len. If you happen to have a source for that, please provide link or advise on where I can find it. I didn't see that assumption stated in the CBO report, although I could have missed it. Just to be sure I'm clear on your answer, so CBO assumes the same GDP growth rate under all fiscal policy scenarios, even though those scenarios represent different levels of taxation, spending, and debt?

Scenarios

Not quite. CBO appears to assume a similar economic growth rate. From p. 15 (25 in the PDF linked above): "CBO found that in that case, real GNP could fall 1 percent to 4 percent below what it would be in that year if tax rates were held at their 2007 levels. Although such a reduction in GNP would be noticeable, it is small in comparison with how much the economy could grow over the same period under a sustainable budget policy. If the budget was put on a sustainable path by keeping tax and spending rates close to their current levels, real GNP could grow by 110 percent between 2007 and 2040. Although under the extended-baseline scenario, the higher tax rates in 2040 would reduce that growth, real GNP would still be 101 percent to 108 percent higher than it is today, CBO estimates." Deficits matter, and crowding out is considered.

CBO's long-term projections are not dynamic

Ken's email made me wonder whether I was wrong about this and I called a friend at CBO who spelled out their modeling assumptions. CBO considers the GDP effects of higher or lower tax rates in their discussion, but does not incorporate those effects into its long-term projections. The projections also assume that interest rates are unaffected by ballooning government debt. My guess is that CBO's judgment is that the projections are scary enough without including the implications of a financial market meltdown, which would make things much, much worse. Also, I don't think there's empirical evidence on the effects of catastrophically reckless fiscal policy in a major developed country (although I suppose the Weimar Republic's monetary policy provides a cautionary anecdote). Thus, it would be hard for CBO to produce estimates for interest rates and real GDP consistent with its projections.

Data

By the way, the data behind CBO's long-term projections are in this handy spreadsheet: http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/88xx/doc8877/SupplementalData.xls

You'll notice that there is only one column for real GDP (the last worksheet). It does not vary with the budget assumptions--and continues at a steady 2 percent per year through 2080.

CBO's Flawed Methodology: What to do?

Thanks to both of you guys (Len and Ken). It seems that Len is correct regarding the projections, which means that there is a significant weakness in using CBO's scenarios to compare fiscal policy alternatives, right? GDP, and in turn absolute revenues (considering dynamic [feedback] effects) and deficits (absolute and as a % of GDP), interest expense (due to debt level and interest rates), and debt as a % of GDP, would all be affected significantly by the respective sets of fiscal policy choices under various scenarios. How are we able to use their comparative scenario data and charts if these dependent variables are treated as fixed? Their projections would show no difference between a high spending, high taxation scenario and a low spending, low taxation scenario, as long as statically-calculated deficits were equal under each scenario, right? As far as their methodology is concerned, there would be no difference in our GDP whether we try to eliminate our fiscal imbalance entirely through spending cuts, entirely through tax increases, through any proportion of the two in combination, or for that matter if we don't address the fiscal imbalance at all, right? Nor does it take into account feasibility -- e.g., diminishing returns on tax increases as they move higher and higher due to dynamic (Laffer Curve) effects. Am I right re: all of the above? If so, what's the best way to compare alternative sets of potential fiscal policies to address our long-term fiscal imbalance? Is CBO's methodology somehow good enough, perhaps with some method of rough adjustment we can apply? Is there a better source of analysis/projections?

Fixed dependent variables

I think this gets to a point I made at the end of the Supply-side question thread. The macroeconomics are heavily confounded. People can create analysis to support opposite conclusions (perhaps you've seen some?). So just because a variable is dependent doesn't mean that the proper equation can be provided. For example, this thread seems to have some consensus that the heavy deficits will lead to lower growth, a la Rubinomics. Perhaps you are right, but I don't think Rubin factored in the Chinese propensity to buy dollars. Which of you can write an equation that will spell out when and how they will get sick of the dollar depreciation and switch strategies? Oh, and please remember me once you pass Bill on the Fortune list, eh? Now, let's factor in the incentive effects of taxation. How would you tie in this dependent variable? Hmmm. I think we can see why CBO hasn't included these issues as dependent variables. Over many years, growth is all important. Unfortunately, these are only two of the variables we don't understand (well enough to accurately predict) which affect growth. What about innovation? What will the impact of the biotech revolution hold? Will there be a nanotech revolution? Could Ebola migrate into an unstoppable plague? Ahhh, It looks like Andrew's blogging future is secure.

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